Tag Archives: photography

Article: Photography, Media Uses and Emotions during the Italo-Turkish War in Tripolitania (1911–12)

Pierre Schill, The Brutalised Bodies of a Colonial Conquest Before the Court of Global Opinion: Photography, Media Uses and Emotions during the Italo-Turkish War in Tripolitania (1911–12). History of Photography 47 (2023), pp. 315-343

Photographer unknown, ‘French War Reporters in Tripoli’, 23 October 1911 (Montpellier, archives départementales de l’Hérault (Vigné d’Octon papers), 1 E 1149). See the article for full details.
This article analyses the global circulation of around fifty photographs taken at the end of October 1911 at Shar al-Shatt, near Tripoli, by journalists documenting the mass execution of civilians by Italian soldiers. By attending to the interaction of text and image, and to the layouts of visual spreads in the global press, the article demonstrates how photographs of these dead bodies were imbued with a range of political meanings, variously protesting and legitimising such forms of extreme violence. The article explains how the emotions aroused worldwide by these images prompted the Italian authorities to create a visual counter-narrative by publicising photographs of the bodies of their own soldiers mutilated by a ‘bestialised’ enemy. The dissemination of visual evidence of brutality committed by both sides constitutes an early example of a ‘contest of images’ whereby press photography was used to mobilise antagonistic affective communities: variously pan-Islamic, anti-colonial, and trans-imperial. The diversity and inventiveness of the visual politics of persuasion implemented during the conquest of Tripolitania and the intensity of the reactions that this imagery produced reveal the emerging centrality of photojournalists in bearing witness to mass violence in the twentieth century.

Photographic Archives of the “Italo-Turkish War”

The Harvard library holds several private photographic albums documenting the Italian invasion of Libya in 1911-12, sometimes referred to as the “Italo-Turkish War”. The albums belonged to individuals: Count Pompeo Campello, a professional photographer and army officer, Carlo Caneva, general of the armed forces in Libya, and Angelo Cormanni, soldier working in the telegraph unit.

Pompeo di Campello (1874-1927): “Campagna di Libia (9 ottobre 1911 – 28 maggio 1912)”

Carlo Caneva (1845-1922): “Guerra Italo-Turca 1911-1912 / Ricordi di Bengasi”

Angelo Cormanni: “Guerra di Africa”

Some studies have been written about these albums:

  • Dalila Colucci, Images of Propaganda: Emotional Representations of the Italo-Turkish War 2021, “Close Encounters in War and the Emotions.” Eds. Gianluca Cinelli, Patrizia Piredda, and Simona Tobia. Close Encounters in War 4 (2021), 75–122.
  • Luca Mazzei, “L’occhio insensibile. Cinema e fotografia durante la prima Campagna di Libia 1911-1913,” in Fotografia e culture visuali del XXI secolo, vol. 2, ed. Enrico Menduini and Lorenzo Marmo (Rome: Roma Tre-Press, 2018).

Exhibition: Diana Matar’s Photography

An exhibition of photography by Diana Matar will be at Purdy Hicks Gallery (65 Hopton St, London SE1 9GZ) from 13th May till June 6th.

From the gallery website: Purdy Hicks is pleased to present their first solo exhibition by Diana Matar. Photographs from four series of works, mostly photographed in Egypt and Libya, will be shown in the exhibition: Evidence, Disappearance, Witness and Still Far Away.

Diana Matar’s work is concerned with memory. Often spending years on a theme, she attempts to capture the invisible traces of human history. Specifically she is concerned with power and violence and the question of what role aesthetics might play in their depiction. Her photographs are conscious of the past and are the result of a rigorous enquiry into the possibility that a contemporary image might contain memory. Time is an integral element in the making of her work, both in the sense that her photographs are often taken at night, where film is subjected to long exposure times, but also in the sense that her work arises from a cultivated patience that is attentive to the resonance of a particular place.

Works from Still Far Away have never been exhibited before. The colour landscapes focus on post revolutionary Libya and the silent resonance of its dictatorial and colonial past. Disappearance is a work that uses the enforced disappearance of the artist’s father-in-law as an anchor. Jaballa Matar, a Libyan political dissident, was kidnapped in 1990 and not seen by his family again. For six years, Diana Matar scanned through places—first in Egypt and Italy, where anti-Gaddafi dissidents were active, and later in Libya after the revolution – in search of traces of her father-in-law. Though her work is about Jaballa Matar, he is nowhere to be found in any of the photographs. The series is a sustained enquiry into how photography might convey the absence of a person no longer with us. For Evidence Matar systematically photographed architectural spaces used by the regime to disappear people over a period of 42 years. She has said their existence stands in as a kind of imperfect evidence to the events that went undocumented by the regime. In Witness Matar explores specific sites in Rome where the regime attacked dissidents living abroad. These four bodies of work explore the depths with which the regime affected society and intimate family life and they query the role photography might play in focusing on events often hidden from history.

Matar writes, ‘What ties my work together is its relation to history – if I photograph a building I am not interested in its structure, but what happened inside. If I make an image of a tree I am concerned not by the form of its roots or length of its trunk, but by what it has witnessed over the course of its life. When I take a portrait of a person I don’t care about what they look like, what fascinates me is what they have experienced in the past.’

Diana Matar is an artist working with photography, testimony, and archive. A graduate of the Royal College of Art, Matar has been the recipient of the Deutsche Bank Pyramid Award for Fine Art, the International Fund for Documentary Photography Award, and Arts Council of England Individual Artist Grant. A major installation of her work Evidence was shown in the major exhibition Conflict, Time, Photography at Tate Modern travelling to Museum Folkswang Essen; Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresden, 2014 – 2015. Her first monograph, Evidence, was published in November 2014 by Schilt Publishing, Amsterdam and chosen by New York Times Photography Critic Teju Cole as best book of the year. Her work is in the collections of the Museum of Contemporary Photography, Chicago; Museum of Fine Arts, Houston; Santa Barbara Museum, Santa Barbara and the Victoria & Albert Museum, London.